Cow

Cattle (colloquially dismays) ar the most common type of outsized domesticated ungulates. They argon a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, ar the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and atomic number 18 most comm wholly classified collectively as Bos primigenius. Cattle be raised as blood line for warmheartedness (beef and veal), as dairy wights for milk and abidanceer(a) dairy products, and as draft animals (oxen or bullocks) (pulling carts, plows and the like). Other products include leather and dung for scatter or fuel. In both(prenominal) countries, such as India, oxen ar sacred.From as few as 80 progenitors domesticated in south-east Turkey about 10,500 eld ago,2 an estimated 1. 3 billion cattle be in the world today. 3 In 2009, cattle became the first livestock animal to have a fully mapped genome. 4 SpeciesMain article Bovini Cattle were in the first place identified as three separate species Bos taurus, the European or taurine cattle (i ncluding similar types from Africa and Asia) Bos indicus, the zebu and the extinct Bos primigenius, the urus. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle.Recently, these three have increasingly been classify as one species, with Bos primigenius taurus, Bos primigenius indicus and Bos primigenius primigenius as the subspecies. 5 Zubron, a cross between wisent and cattleComplicating the matter is the ability of cattle to breed with new(prenominal) closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, non only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle, Bos taurus afri ordureus), barely as well as between one or both of these and approximately other members of the genus Bos yaks (the dzo or yattle6), banteng, and gaur.Hybrids such as the beefalo breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of bison, lead whatever authors to consider them part of the genus Bos, as well. 7 The hybrid origin of some types may not be obv ious for example, genetic testing of the overlook Lulu breed, the only taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak. 8 However, cattle cannot successfully be hybridized with more distantly related bovines such as water buffalo or African buffalo.The aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historic times, its range became restricted to Europe, and the last know individual died in Masovia, Poland, in about 1627. 9 Breeders have attempted to recreate cattle of similar expression to aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, creating the Heck cattle breed. invent originCattle did not originate as the call for bovine animals.It was borrowed from out of date French catel, itself from Latin caput, head, and originally meant movable personal property, curiously livestock of whatever kind, as opposed to real property (the land, which also included wild or small free-roaming animals su ch as chickens they were interchange as part of the land). 10 The word is closely related to chattel (a unit of measurement of personal property) and capital in the economic sense. 1112 The term replaced earlier Old English feoh cattle, property (cf. German Vieh, Gothic faihu). The word intimidate came via Anglo-Saxon cu (plural c? ), from Common Indo-European g? ous (genitive g? wes) = a bovine animal, compare Persian gav, Sanskrit go, Welsh buwch. citation needed The genitive plural of cu is c? na, which gave the now archaic English plural of oxen. The Scots language singular form is coo or cou, and the plural is kye. In older English sources such as the King James form of the Bible, cattle keys to livestock, as opposed to deer which rivals to wildlife. Wild cattle may refer to feral cattle or to undomesticated species of the genus Bos. Today, when employmentd without any other qualifier, the modern meaning of cattle is usually restricted to domesticated bovines. citation needed Terminology Look up cattle or cow in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A Hereford bullIn general, the same words are used in different separate of the world, but with minor differences in the definitions. The terminology described here contrasts the differences in definition between the joined Kingdom and other British-influenced parts of world such as Canada, Australia, unfermented Zealand, Ireland, and the United States. 13 An intact (i. e. , not castrated) gravid anthropoid is called a bull. A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a micky in Australia. 14 An unbranded bovine of either sex is called a maverick in the regular army and Canada. An adult female that has had a calf (or two, depending on regional usage) is a cow. A young female in front she has had a calf of her own15 and is beneath three years of age is called a heifer ( /? h? f? r/ HEF-? r). 16 A young female that has had only one calf is on occasion called a first-calf heifer. Young cattle of both sexe s are called calves until they are weaned, indeed weaners until they are a year old in some areas in other areas, particularly with male beef cattle, they may be known as feeder calves or simply feeders.After that, they are referred to as yearlings or stirks17 if between one and two years of age. 18 A castrated male is called a malarkey in the United States older steers are often called bullocks in other parts of the world,19 but in North the States this term refers to a young bull. Piker bullocks are micky bulls that were caught, castrated and then later on lost. 14 In Australia, the term Japanese ox is used for grain-fed steers in the weight range of 500 to 650 kg that are destined for the Japanese meat trade. 20 In North America, draft cattle under four years old are called working steers.Improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer known as a stag in Australia, Canada and red-hot Zealand. 21 In some countries, an incompletely castrated male i s known also as a rig. A castrated male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft purposes is called an ox (plural oxen) ox may also be used to refer to some remains products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood, oxtail, or ox-liver. 16 A springer is a cow or heifer close to calving. 22 In all cattle species, a female twin of a bull usually becomes an unimaginative partial intersex, and is a freemartin.Neat (horned oxen, from which neatsfoot oil is derived), beef (young ox) and beefing (young animal fit for slaughtering) are obsolete footing, although poll, pollard or polled cattle are still price in use for naturally hornless animals, or in some areas also for those that have been disbudded. Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Within the beef cattle industry in parts of the United States, the older term beef (plural beeves) is still used to refer to an animal of either sex. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and Briti sh people use the term living organism, in particular for single animals when the sex is unknown. 23 Cattle of certain breeds bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle13 a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a house cow or milker. The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually bovine. The terms bull, cow and calf are also used by extension to denote the sex or age of other large animals, including whales, hippopotamuses, camels, elk and elephants See also inclination of an orbit of animal names Singular terminology issue A set of CattleCattle can only be used in the plural and not in the singular it is a plurale tantum. 24 Thus one may refer to three cattle or some cattle, but not one cattle. No universally used singular form in modern English of cattle exists, other than the sex- and age-specific terms such as cow, bull, steer and heifer. Historically, ox was not a sex-specific term for adult cattle, but generally this is now used only for draft cattle, especially adult castrated males. The term is also incorporated into the names of other species, such as the musk ox and grunting ox (yak), and is used in some areas to describe certain cattle products such as ox-hide and oxtail. 25 A brahmin calfCow is in general use as a singular for the collective cattle, despite the objections by those who insist it to be a female-specific term. Although the phrase that cow is a bull is absurd from a lexicographic standpoint, the word cow is easy to use when a singular is needed and the sex is unknown or irrelevant when there is a cow in the road, for example. Further, any crowd of fully advance cattle in or near a pasture is statistically likely to consist mostly of cows, so the term is probably true even in the restrictive sense.Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated as calves and slaughtered for meat before the age of three years. Thus, in a pastured herd, any calves or herd bulls usually are clearly distinguishable from the cows due to distinctively different sizes and clear anatomical differences. Merriam-Webster, a US dictionary, recognizes the sex-nonspecific use of cow as an alternate definition,26 whereas Collins, a UK dictionary, does not. 27Colloquially, more general nonspecific terms may denote cattle when a singular form is needed. Australian, New Zealand and British farmers use the term beast or cattle beast. Bovine is also used in Britain. The term critter is common in the western United States and Canada, particularly when referring to young cattle. 28 In some areas of the American South (particularly the Appalachian region), where both dairy and beef cattle are present, an individual animal was once called a beef critter, though that term is becoming archaic.