Introduction to the Human Body Level 3

Anatomy and Physiology Introduction to the Human em personateIntroductionThe human body is such an interesting machine, the vogue it is structured and how it works is educational. There is so much to learn about the human body and up until straight off scientists argon still under going medical research. There ar a lot of questions hoi polloi would interchangeable to k in a flash about how their body works. The report will include the following structures Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) An Organelle The cubicle membrane It will also evaluate the pass aways of the following structures The cadre trunk create from raw stuff personate ashes Findings 1. 1Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 1. 2An Organelle 1. 3The Cell membrane 2. 1 The Cell 2. 2 Body Tissue 2. 3 Body Sy arc 3. 1 echography 3. 2 Gastroscopy 3. 3 Similarities, benefits and assays of the twain procedures 4. 1 Cloning 1. 1 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid is a whit, which passes stack informatio n, compulsory for the growth, development and reproduction of an organism. It is passed from adults to their children (offspring). DNA is found intimate the heart of the electric jail electric kiosk and due to there being a lot of DNA molecules inside a cell each molecule must be tightly packed.This and then becomes a chromosome. DNA found in the cell nucleus is referred to as nuclear DNA, a humans complete sterilise of nuclear DNA is called its genome. A genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes these chromosomes together consist of 3. 1 billion bases of DNA sequence. DNA consists of chains called nucleotides. Theses be do up of three parts a phosphate conference, a sugar group and one of four types of nitrogen bases. The four types of nitrogen bases found in nucleotides atomic number 18 adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order or sequence these bases come in, is due to that specialized strand of DNA .Each melt in the DNA is made of two-link ed bases. Only (A) and (T) potbelly link together and (G) and (C) can link together. Adenine and Guanine are purines. Purines are dual ringed structures. Cytosine and Thymine are singled ringed structures and are know as pyramidines. Each DNA sequence that contains instructions, to make a protein, is know as a gene. DNA is utilise to make proteins in a two-step process. Enzymes read the information in a DNA molecule and then transcribe it into an intermediary molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid (ribonucleic acid), or mRNA.Next the information in the molecules is translated into the language of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. (Appendix i) 1. 2 An Organelle An organelle is a discrete structure within a cell, as chloroplast or acentriole. It is characterised by having specialised functions, a usually classifiable chemical composition and an identifying molecule structure often found in large numbers in aparticular cell. Organelles wear specific roles to play in how cells work. Some organelles are separated from the rest of the cell by lipoide bi-layers similar in structure to the cell membrane.An example of an organelle is ribosomes. The function of ribosomes is the collection of proteins, in a process called translation. Ribosomes do this by catalysing the assembly of individual amino acids into polypeptide chains this involves binding a messenger RNA and then using this as a template to join together the correct sequence of amino acids. (Appendix ii) 1. 3 The Cell Membrane wholly cells are surrounded by a cell membrane, and its primary utilization is to keep the contents of the cell all together. Cell membranes are like numerous a(prenominal) other organelles of a cell because they exist for a specific job.This job is to monitor and control everything that enters and leaves the cell. The cell membrane is made up of lipid molecules called phospholipids. These molecules all declare one polar head and two hydrocarbon tails according to cellupedia. There are three main classes of lipid molecules, which make up a cell membrane. These classes include phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol. The particular hail of these lipids varies across incompatible membranes. The cell membrane is mobile and moves along groves which are set paths the membrane follow.Membranes are composed phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates arranged in a fluid mosaic structure. The phospholipids form a thin, flexible sheet, while the proteins shoot a line in the phospholipids sheet and the carbohydrates extend out from the proteins. (Appendix iii) 2. 1 The Cell A cell is the littlerest unit of living matter. All living things including plants and animals are made up of cells. Cells are made of atoms, which are the smallest units of matter. There are galore(postnominal) different kinds of cells. All cells have a skin called plasma membrane, protect it from the outside environment.The cell membrane regulates the movement of water, nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell. Inside of the cell membrane are the working parts of the cell. At the centre of the cell is the cell nucleus. The cell nucleus contains the cells DNA, the catching jurisprudence that coordinates protein synthesis. In addition to the nucleus, there are m whatever organelles inside of the cell, small structures that help carry out the day to day operations of the cell. Organelles are groups of complex molecules that help a cell survive. There are many functions that the cell has to carry out molecule transport, reproduction, energy conversion and many more.I have chosen to discuss reproduction as one of the cells functions. rearing One of the main purposes of human beings and living creatures is to survive. To be able to do this the cells must be able to reproduce. Reproduction allows a species of cells to increase its people and have a higher competitive advantage. Second, depend onual reproduction can help introduce gene tic variation into specie which can be beneficial in the long run. Example of this might be the dispute in looks surrounded by individuals. Cells can reproduce in two ways, mitosis and meiosis.In mitosis, the resulting young lady cell is an identical clone of the original cell. Mitosis is mostly utilise by somatic cells (cells of the body). Meiosis however, is the form of cozy reproduction and only occurs in gametes (reproductive cells). Mitosis If an organism is to live and grow up it must reproduce. Cell atom serves an important role in organisms health and growth. Cell division begins with interphase, when the cell replicates all of its genomic and cytoplasmic material and prepares for division. After the cell enters the 4-phased mitosis.To look the similarities between mitosis and meiosis see appendix. (Appendix IV) 2. 2 Body Tissue Body create from raw stuff is a layer of cells that fulfil a function. Different types of wanders have different structures that are speci fic to that function. Tissues can be held together by a sticky coating called an extracellular matrix. The Latin word for tissue is derived from the verb texere, to weave. The major tissue types in the human body concurrence Muscular Nervous System lymphatic The type of tissue that has been selected is heftiness tissue. Muscle TissueMuscle tissue contains a number of microfilaments composed of actins and myosin, which are contractile proteins. There are three types of tissue Cardiac brawniness, gaunt muscle and visceral (smooth) muscle. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart. The cells are join to one another by intercalated discs which allow the synchronisation of the heartbeat. Skeletal muscle is attached to the bones by tendons. Skeletal muscle is striated muscle. Unlike cardiac muscle, the cells are not branched. Visceral muscle is found in the arteries, the bladder, the digestive tract and in many other organs.Visceral muscle contracts slower than skeletal muscle, but th e contraction can be sustained over a long period of time. (Appendix v) 2. 3 Body System There are 11 constitutions in the body they are as follows The Circulatory system Digestive system Endocrine system Immune system Lymphatic system Muscular system Nervous system Reproductive system Skeletal system. (Appendix VI) The system that has been selected is The Reproductive System. Reproductive System Females have sex organs of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. Whereas the males sex organs are vessel deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and the penis.In the reproductive system a female ineluctably a male to fertilise her nut. There are two types of sex cells known as gametes, the male gamete is sperm and the females gamete is the screwball. The females vagina has several functions used for sexual intercourse, the pathway that the bollocks comes out at childbirth, as the route for the catamenial blood (period) to leave the body from the uterus and for a tampon to be used during the menstrual pedal. The menstrual cycle lasts for around 28 days, during this cycle a egg is released from the females ovaries once every month and goes down the fallopian tubes to be fertilised.If the egg does not get fertilised it dries up and two weeks later leaves the body through the vagina, which causes the female to have her period. A period is forms of blood and tissue from the inner lining of the uterus. A period can last anything up to 5 days or longer. Females will not have a period until they have started puberty puberty usually starts when females and males are immemorial around 11-14. If the male and female sex cell are fertilised the egg that is released will not dry up and the female will not have a period. The egg will then make its way to the uterus and grow into a foetus. Appendix vii) 3. 1 1st symptomatic procedure- sonography Ultrasound is a non-invasive technique that may be used during pregnancy for finding out the sex of the foetus and whether ther e is more than one foetus, ultrasound also identifies the measurements of the foetus. The sonographer, is the person who carries out the procedure, she or he can usually tell you how many weeks old your foetus is. The pose usually has an ultrasound twice in nine months, the first at 3 months and the guerilla at 5 months. Usually at the second scan you will be able to find out if the baby is a boy or a girl.Ultrasound can find any complications or problems that the baby might have during the pregnancy. They put a glacial gel on the mothers bump and press the transducer across the bump to see inside of the belly. Having experienced this procedure confirms that ultrasound is a very straight method of confirming all of the above. (Appendix viii) 3. 2 2nd symptomatic procedure- Gastroscopy Gastroscopy is used if a person is suffering problems, such as severe pyrosis or indigestion. An individual may then be required to have a Gastroscopy. It is a diagnostic procedure that allows doct ors to look at the stop number part of the digestive system.The doctor uses a tiny camera on the end of a flexible tube which is called an endoscope. It is then fed down your pharynx and down through the tube that carries your food to your birth which is called oesophagus. It is then into your stomach. Once in place the camera shows the image onto a masking for the doctor to diagnose any problems. It usually starts between 5-20 minutes to perform the procedure. It is usually performed at an outpatient department, which means you can go home the homogeneous day. You should not eat anything for six hours before the procedure as the stomach needs to be empty. (Appendix ix) . 3 Similarities, benefits and risks of the two diagnostic procedures The two diagnostic procedures are only similar in a few ways. When some(prenominal) procedures are performed you get to leave the hospital the same day. Both procedures take no less than 5 minutes and no longer than 20 minutes. There should be no pain in either of the procedures performed. However, Ultrasound does not have any risks whereas Gastroscopy has a few risks. Some of the benefits of having an Ultrasound are There are no needles or injections and the procedure is easy Ultrasound imaging uses no ionizing radiation Causes no health problems Gives a clear picture of soft tissues, that do not show up in an x-ray There are no risks Some of the risks for having a Gastroscopy are The individual may have a sore throat for a day or two afterwards, this is caused if the endoscope scrapes your throat Small risk that the endoscope could tear your stomach which is known as perforation Risk of chest contagious disease or pneumonia is slightly higher than normal When the endoscope is removed your likely to regurgitate or rench (Appendix x) 4. 1 Cloning This is the topic which has been selected to discuss.There are 4 types of re-create Recombinant DNA engineering science or DNA copy, reproductive cloning and re dress cloning. People are most familiar with reproductive cloning when it comes to lecturing about cloning. Reproductive Cloning Reproductive Cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same DNA as an brisk animal or a previous existing animal. Scientists beam genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg whose nucleus has been removed. The DNA from the reconstructed egg must be hardened with chemicals or electric current in order to stimulate cell division.This process is known as somatic cell nuclear transfer. Once the cloned embryo reaches a suitable stage, it is then placed into the animals uterus where it continues to grow until birth. Scientists have bee cloning animals for many years since 1952 hundreds of cloned animals such as sheep and cows exist today. Scientists are hoping to be able to use cloning by generating tissues and organs to use for transplants. To do this the patient waiting for a transplant, would have DNA extracted from their body. This would then be inserted into an enucleated egg.After the DNA starts to divide, embryonic stem cells that can be transformed into a tissue would then be harvested. The stem cells would then be used to generate an organ or tissue, which is a genetic match to the patient Reproductive cloning is combative as it seeks to create a duplicate of an existing animal. Until the birth of bird the sheep in 1996, there was doubt that this would work in mammals, but now some scientists are trying to clone a human. Many honourable arguments against human cloning are caused by misconceptions.Many people seem to mean that clones will have the same sort of characteristics and personalities as the person from which they were cloned. in like manner some people seem to believe that clone will be both physically and behaviourally the same as the donor. Many people also believe that cloning would lead to the loss of individuality however cloned people have their own personality th at is dissimilar from whom they were cloned according to the House judicatory Committee. Signature Date